Rene Descartes Meditations - 1093 Words

Rene Descartes’s Meditations on first Philosophy starts under a very ingenious pretense: find the one thing that is undoubtable. Being a subjectivist and one of the first modern philosophers, he tried to doubt everything he believed to be true. He took metaphysics and logic with certainty and implored the skeptical method to everything else. He began to look at senses and realized that it was merely a representation in your brain. He was in aware of the mind brain separation and how perception is very deceiving. However, the one baseline truth he found was that he exists because he is a thinking rational being. Despite his enlightened start, he spends the remaining meditations trying to prove the existence of God, which is ironically, something that, is very doubtable. In Meditation III Descartes utilizes the criteria of certainty, that everything he is to prove must be clear and distinct. He is a rationalist and believes that innate ideas are born within and derive from reaso n. These are important premises when looking at his first argument for God’s existence. He operates under the assumption that we, as rational beings, cannot be wrong about having an idea. Ideas are judgments that confirm something in the real world. His first argument can be called from the idea of God. Directly this concludes that the idea of God is too great to have thought of by anyone but God. However, this argument is ultimately flawed and does not directly answer theShow MoreRelatedDiscourse On Method And Meditations On First Philosophy945 Words   |  4 PagesDiscourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy was written by Rene Descarte. His main focus was to decide if God was real or not and if God created him or not. In Meditation Five, Descarte states that God existed because he has prior knowledge of materialistic things. He states that he recalls objects without prior knowledge of them, and that everyone perceives all the objects in the same type of manner. In the end of the mediation he closes it out by stating that, we all can think of nonRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 Pagessought to clarify the matter. He sought to distinguish between two terms, â€Å"distinction† and â€Å"separation† and to illuminate the relationship between body and soul at three different levels, i.e. ordinary experience, analytical mind and metaphysical meditation. Eventually, he embraced the paradox of the two natures – the double substantial make-up of the human being, a paradox of patristic inspiration. However, the later history of ideas was not sympathetic to Descartes: nowadays, when one looks up the

Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times Free Essays

string(24) " along with her father\." INTRODUCTION Utilitarianism is the assumption that human beings act in a way that highlights their own self interest. It is based on factuality and leaves little room for imagination. Utilitarianism dominated as the form of government in England’s Victorian age of eighteenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now Utilitarianism, as rightly claimed by Dickens, robbed the people of their individuality and joy; deprived the children of their special period of their lives, ‘Childhood’ and deprived women of their inherent right of equality. The theme of utilitarianism, along with industrialization and education is explored by Charles Dickens, in his novel  Hard Times.. Hard Times written in those times intended to explore its negativisms. Utilitarianism as a government was propounded as a value of system which evaluated its productivity by its overall utility. It substantiated the idea of â€Å"highest level of happiness for the highest numbers of people†. Since the overall happiness of the nation depended open the overall productivity, industrialism became the walk of everyday life. Moreover, since Utilitarianism assumes that what is good for majority is good for everyone, individual preferences are ignored. The majority answers are always right. Minorities are subjugated and oppressed, instead of being asked for their opinions. Their feelings are ignored and society becomes increasingly practical, and driven by economics. The theory fails to acknowledge any individual rights that could not be violated for the sake of the greater good. Hard Times  was in fact an attack on the Manchester School of economics, which supported  laissez-faire  and promoted a distorted view of Bentham’s ethics. The novel has been criticised for not offering specific remedies for the Condition-of-England problems it addresses. It is debatable whether solutions to social problems are to be sought in fiction, but nevertheless, Dickens’s novel anticipated the future debates concerning anti-pollution legislation, intelligent town-planning, health and safety measures in factories and a humane education system. The school teachers are compared to a gun loaded to its muzzle by facts ready to be exploded to the children. The children in schools don’t have names and are called by numbers. There is no room for imaginative answers. When the teacher asks to answer what ‘horse’ is, a student named Bitzer gives a factual answer, â€Å"quadruped† having this-many teeth etc, but by no means the ‘qualities’ of the horse is exemplified and considered. The influence of utilitarianism is shown particularly by two characters in the novel, Gradgrind and Bounderby. Both are money-oriented, have materialistic outlook and give importance to ‘facts’. eople in insane productivity. Dickens provides three vivid examples of this utilitarian logic in Hard Times The first; Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one of the main characters in the book, was the principal of a school in Coketown. He was a firm believer in utilitarianism and instilled this philosophy into the students at the school from a very young age, as well as his own children. Mr. Josiah Bounderby was also a practitioner of utilitarianism, but was more interested in the profit that stemmed from it. At the other end of the perspective, a group of circus members, who are the total opposite of utilitarians, are added by Dickens to provide a sharp contrast from the ideas of Mr. Bounderby and Mr. Gradgrind. Thomas Gradgrind Sr. , a father of five children, has lived his life by the book and  never strayed from his philosophy that life is nothing more than facts and statistics. . Thomas Gradgrind in particular always gives importance to facts and raises his children to be hard, machine-like and epitomes of facts and they lack any emotions. Even while justifying Louisa’s marriage to ‘old’ Bounderby, he does so by some mathematical calculations and logic.. He has successfully incorporated this belief into the school system of Coketown, and has tried his best to do so with his own children. They did not consider, however, the children’s need for fiction, poetry, and other fine arts that are used to expand children’s minds, all of which are essential today in order to produce well-rounded human beings through the educational process. One has to wonder how different the story would be if Gradgrind did not run the school. How can you give a utilitarian man such as Gradgrind such power over a town? I do like how Dickens structures the book to make one ask obvious questions such as these. Dickens does not tell us much about the success of the other students of the school besides Bitzer, who is fairly successful on paper, but does not have the capacity as a person to deal with life’s everyday struggles. Gradgrinds two oldest children, Tom and Louisa, are examples of how this utilitarian method failed miserably. These children were never given the opportunity to think for themselves, experience fun things in life, or even use their imaginations. True, they are smart people in the factual sense but do not have the street smarts to survive. Tom is a young man who, so fed up with his father’s strictness and repetition, revolts against him and leaves home to work in Mr. Bounderby’s bank. Tom, now out from under his fathers wing, he begins to drink and gamble heavily. Eventually, to get out of a deep gambling debt, he robs a bank and is forced to flee the area. When Bitzer realizes that Tom has robbed the bank and catches him, Mr. Gradgrind begs him to let Tom go, reminding him of all of the hard work that was put on him while at the school. Ironically Bitzer, using the tools of factuality that he had learned in Gradgrinds school, replies that the school was paid for, but it is now over and he owes nothing more. I think this is extremely funny how, at a time of need, Gradgrind’s educational theory has backfired in his face. I think Dickens put this irony in as a comical device but also to show how ineffective the utilitarian method of teaching is. Louisa, unlike Tom, does get along with her father. You read "Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times" in category "Essay examples" She even agrees to marry Mr. Bounderby, even though she does not love him, in order to please her father. She stays in the marriage with Bounderby, and goes about life normally and factually, until she is faced with a dilemma and panics. Mr. James Harthouse, a young, good looking guy, is attracted to Louisa and deceivingly draws her attraction to him. She does not know what to do since she has never had feelings of her own before. Her father never gave her the opportunity to think for herself, or even love someone. This is why Louisa goes frantic and ends up crying in her fathers lap. She has always been told what to do and what is ‘right’, and now even her father is stumped. For the first time in the whole novel, Mr. Gradgrind strays from the utilitarian philosophy and shows compassion for his daughter and her feelings. One must think that he is beginning to doubt his philosophy after seeing it backfire in his face more than once. Josiah Bounderby is another prime example of utilitarianism. He is one of the wealthiest people in Coketown; owning a bank and a factory, but is not really a likable person. His utilitarian philosophy is similar to Gradgrinds in the sense that factuality is the single most important virtue that one could posses. Mr. Bounderby maintained throughout the story his utilitarian views, which basically stated that nothing else is important besides profit. Being the owner of both a factory and a bank, Bounderby employs many workers, yet seems to offer them no respect at all. He refers to the factory workers as â€Å"Hands,† because that is all they are to him. Bounderby often states that workers are all looking for â€Å"venison, turtle soup, and a golden spoon,† while all they really want is decent working conditions and fair wage for their work. He is not concerned about his employees as human beings, but how much their hands can produce during the workday, resulting with money in his pocket. When one of his workers, Stephen Blackpool came to Bounderby’s house asking for advice about his bad marriage, he was treated as inferior just because of his social status. Dickens portrayed the scene as one in which Blackpool was on a level five steps below Bounderby and his associates because he was a lowly worker who was obviously much less educated than them. It almost seemed like they would not even take him seriously because he was such. Blackpool was told that he could not divorce his wife because it would be against the laws of England. Later in the book, Bounderby divorces his wife. This shows that wealth played a large role in determining the social classes that people were in and the privileges they had. This was definitely unfair but the social classes were structured in a way which allowed those who had money to look down upon those who were less fortunate. Generally, those who were not well-educated did not have any money, while the well-educated ones such as Bounderby and Gradgrind were wealthy. The people who knew the factual information, (utilitarians) were successful, while those who did not were reduced to working in the factories of the utilitarians. Dickens paints a vivid picture of this inequality between social classes and shows he does not care much for it. It is fairly easy to see that Dickens holds a contempt for Bounderby and the utilitarian philosophy he carries. The book details the philosophy, then shows how miserably it failed. How much different would their lives be if the town was not run by utilitarians. Dickens cleverly added in circus people as a contrast to the utilitarian approach to life. The circus people could be called the total opposite of utilitarianism. If one element of the book stands out in my mind, it would be this one. The circus people are simple, open-minded human beings whose goal in life is to make people laugh. Dickens portrays them as a step up from the â€Å"Hands† but still close to the bottom in the social structure. These people are hated by Gradgrind, Bounderby and other utilitarians because they represent everything that is shunned in utilitarianism such as love, imagination, and humor. Sissy Jupe, the daughter of a circus man, was taken in by the Gradgrinds to live in their home. She is representative of the circus people with her innocence and free-will, qualities which are lacking in the lives of the people around her. Just by her presence, her goodness rubs off on the people around her, although it is too late for most of them. Even after numerous attempts to force utilitarianism into her by Mr. Gradgrind and his school, she is still the fun-loving girl that she always was because she grew up living with â€Å"normal† people who thought for themselves and loved each other. She influenced these qualities on the youngest Gradgrind daughter Jane, who led a much more enjoyable and fulfilling life than her older sister Louisa because of those influences. Jane is not spoken of much until the end of the book but I like the way Dickens showed the effects of the utilitarian lifestyle as opposed to the non-utilitarian lifestyle. The utilitarians ultimately ended with a great downfall because their narrow-minds could not endure the pressures that life can impose on oneself. The people that did not fall victim to the utilitarian trap were able to live their lives happily and freely, able to love, laugh, and use their imagination; which is the way life ought to be lived. Dickens obviously had a definitive opinion of the way life should be lived and did an excellent job of depicting it. His method was somewhat indirect in the sense that he worked backwards to get his point across, but turned out to be very effective as the story progressed. Most of the story revolved around utilitarianism and the study of cold hard facts, but when the character flaws began to surface as a result of this philosophy, Dickens is quick to emphasize them. One actually sees the main character of the book and firm supporter of utilitarianism, Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, experience the faults of his practice and begin to stray from it. Now, after watching his life fall apart, maybe he wishes he were in the circus. .  . The working and living conditions were often atrocious. Working days were long, and wages low, as employers often exploited their workers and increased their profits by lowering the cost of production by paying meagre wages and neglecting pollution control. Safety measures were often ignored and workers were put out of jobs by the introduction of machines that created a surplus of labour. The rate of accidents was very high. A handicapped worker was doomed to extreme poverty, as there were no social security or insurance payments. The New Poor Law of 1834 was based on the â€Å"principle of less eligibility,† which stipulated that the condition of the â€Å"able-bodied pauper† on relief (it did not apply to the sick, aged, or children) be less â€Å"eligible†that is, less desirable, less favorable than the condition of the independent laborer. This reasoning was absolutely correct from the scientific and the Utilitarian point of view, but it rejected any emotional considerations. There was no consciousness of class beyond a recognition that the ‘masters’ constituted a different order of society into which they would never penetrate. Their aspirations were modest: to be respected by their fellows ;to see their families growing up and making their way in the world, and to die without debt and without sin. Trade unions did appear to introduce and protect workers rights, but in the initial stages of industrialisation, the workers were not protected. Purely theoretically, it can be proven that Utilitarianism poses a threat to humanity. For example, if one person must suffer to make other people happy, then in the Utilitarian terms it is acceptable to make that person suffer. One of the Hands in Bounderby’s factory, Stephen lives a life of drudgery and poverty. In spite of the hardships of his daily toil, Stephen strives to maintain his honesty, integrity, faith, and compassion. Stephen is an important character not only because his poverty and virtue contrast with Bounderby’s wealth and self-interest, but also because he finds himself in the midst of a labor dispute that illustrates the strained relations between rich and poor. Stephen is the only Hand who refuses to join a workers’ union: he believes that striking is not the best way to improve relations between factory owners and employees, and he also wants to earn an honest living. As a result, he is cast out of the workers’ group. However, he also refuses to spy on his fellow workers for Bounderby, who consequently sends him away. Both groups, rich and poor, respond in the same self-interested, backstabbing way. As Rachael explains, Stephen ends up with the â€Å"masters against him on one hand, the men against him on the other, he only wantin’ to work hard in peace, and do what he felt right. † Through Stephen, Dickens suggests that industrialization threatens to compromise both the employee’s and employer’s moral integrity, thereby creating a social muddle to which there is no easy solution. Through his efforts to resist the moral corruption on all sides, Stephen becomes a martyr, or Christ figure, ultimately dying for Tom’s crime. When he falls into a mine shaft on his way back to Coketown to clear his name of the charge of robbing Bounderby’s bank, Stephen comforts himself by gazing at a particularly bright star that seems to shine on him in his â€Å"pain and trouble. † This star not only represents the ideals of virtue for which Stephen strives, but also the happiness and tranquility that is lacking in his troubled life. Moreover, his ability to find comfort in the star illustrates the importance of imagination, which enables him to escape the cold, hard facts of his miserable existence. In  Hard Times  human relationships are contaminated by economics. The principles of the ‘dismal science’ led to the formation of a selfish and atomistic society. The social commentary of  Hard Times  is quite clear. Dickens is concerned with the conditions of the urban labourers and the excesses of laissez-faire capitalism. He exposes the exploitation of the working class by unfeeling industrialists and the damaging consequences of propagating factual knowledge (statistics) at the expense of feeling and imagination. However, although Dickens is critical about Utilitarianism, he cannot find a better way of safeguarding social justice than through ethical means. â€Å"In place of Utilitarianism, Dickens can offer only good-heartedness, individual charity, and Sleary’s horse-riding; like other writers on the Condition of England Question, he was better equipped to examine the symptoms of the disease than to suggest a possible cure† (Wheeler, 81). Hard Times  proves that fancy is essential for human happiness, and in this aspect it is one of the best morally uplifting novels. Dickens avoided propagating employer paternalism in the manner of Disraeli, Charlotte Bronte and Gaskell, and strongly opposed commodification of labour in Victorian England. As John R. Harrison has pointed out: The target of Dickens’s criticism, however, was not Bentham’s Utilitarianism, nor Malthusian theories of population, nor Smith’s free-market economics, but the crude utilitarianism derived from such ideas by Benthamite Philosophical Radicals, which tended to dominate social, political, and economic thinking and policy at the time the novel was written. The Gradgrind/Bounderby philosophy is that the Coketown â€Å" Hands† are commodities, â€Å" something† to be worked so much and paid so much, to be â€Å"infallibly settled† by â€Å"laws of supply and demand,† something that increased in number by a certain â€Å" rate of percentage† with accompanying percentages of crime and pauperism; in fact, â€Å"something wholesale, of which vast fortunes were made. † REFERENCES * All references to Bentham’s  Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation  will be to the section of it republished in Burr and Goldinger’s  Philosophy and Contemporary Issues. New York: Macmillan,1992. p. 225-232. * Dimwiddy, John. Bentham. Oxford  and  New York:  Oxford  UP, 1989. * Mitchell,Sally,ed. Victorian  Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York  and  London:  GarlandPublishing,1988. * Cazamian, Louis. The Social Novel in  England  1830-1850. London  and  Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. * Woodward, Sir Llewellyn. The Age of Reform 1815- 1870. The  Oxford  history of  England. Oxford:  Oxford  UP, 1962. How to cite Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times, Essay examples

Communication and Thought Interpersonal Communication System

Question: Discuss about theCommunication and Thought for Interpersonal Communication System. Answer: Introduction: As mentioned by San Martn (2015) in simple terms the exchange of informations that is done between two or more people is known as interpersonal communication. With the increase in the knowledge and with continuous practice, development and improvement in the communication skills is visualised. During the process of this interpersonal communication system there is sending of the message from one source and the receiving of the message at the other source. There are many ways of conducting this communication system, however, the most successful system is the one in which where the message that is sent by the sender is understood by the receiver. This study considers variety of elements and both the qualitative and the quantitative methods are used for the exploration of the interpersonal communication. In all of the business organization, the people require to interact with each other and almost everyday use interpersonal communication system. The interpersonal communication is required in the business organizations to interact with the customers, handle complaints and feedbacks to the customers, interact within the organization with the employee and also for other needs (Brandler and Roman 2015). The Communication Skills: The interpersonal skills are used when the means of communication that is being is the face to face communication. The different types of interpersonal communication skills are: Skills of Listening: While communicating with the other people, listening to the other person is the most vital interpersonal skill of communication as during a conversation a person spends about 45% of the time in listening to the other person. The ability that allows the person to receive and to interpret the massage accurately is known as the listening. Without being able to listen and understand the message effectively, the communication system may breakdown. The different principles of listening are: Stop talking: While talking continuously the person could not listen to what the other person is trying to say. So in order to listen one must first stop talking and focus on what the other person is trying to say. Comfort: Both the speaker and the listener needs to be comfortable while therefore, listener needs to show indications that the words spoken by the speaker are being conveyed to them. the speaker must not anything that would distract the speaker from speaking his words. Empathise: The listening does not only mean to listen to the words spoken by the speaker but also to understand the point of view of the other person also and understand trhe things from that sense. Patience: The listener also needs to be patience for the time period and should not interrupt while the speaker is trying to convey its message and let them continue to finish their message. Non- Verbal communication: While listening the only focus should not be only on the words but also on the eye moment, gesture and the facial expression of the speaker (Asemota 2015). Skills of Feedback: The feedback is the performance review of any person or any business organization. However, effective feedback could be defined as a feedback that is clearly heard, understood and accepted. Skill is required for giving effective feedbacks and it can transform the effectiveness of the feedback that is being offered and receptiveness of the receiver. The different principles of giving feedback in the business sector are: Effective feedback: Before giving the feedback to the desired person one should first understand the purpose of giving the feedback and the requirement. A feedback should not be harsh or offensive. Regularity: Giving of the feedback should be done on a regular basis as this is a process that requires attention. This is not a once in a year of a month event, it should be given as regular as possible so that the problems may not get out of hands. Specific: While giving out of the feedback, there should be specific and exact mention of what was wrong and on what does the receiver needs to improve or work on. Privacy: It is not that feedback would always be positive; there may also be negative and criticizing comments. Feedbacks as such should be given in private and not openly (Archer and Howie 2013). Skills of Questioning: Questioning the other person is the basics of effective communication system. Questioning effectively during an appropriate situation may change the whole range of the communication skills. The different principles of questioning are: Question strategy: Before asking a question, the first thing to consider is what to be asked. Asking of question would not make sense if the question asked is not appropriate. Questioning Styles: The type of question that is to be asked is also to be considered. Listening: After a question is asked, the answers would tell the questioner if he had the answer to what it has asked or not (Godbold and McCaffery 2015). Benefits and Models of Communication Skills: Benefits: The Interpersonal communication is the life blood of any business organization. Just like the blood transmits essential elements to the different part of our body, the interpersonal communication also carries essential informations to the different parts of an organization. The benefits of the interpersonal communication skills are: The interpersonal communication skills help to gather informations and communicate within the organization. The active and effective listening and feedback would help the employees and the customers to circulate the informations appropriately and with ease and to know the point of view of each other. The questioning skills help the person to gather information about anything from the other person and also to understand if the listening person has understood the words spoken or not (McQuail and Windahl 2015). Models: Berlos SMCR model of communication: In the year 1960, the Sender- Message- Channel- Receiver model of communication model of Shannon Weaver was modified by David erlo. In this modified model he proposed the different components as the sender who sends the message, the message that is to be sent, the channel which is the mode of transfer and the receiver who will receive the model (Turnitsa 2013). This modified model of David Berlo is represented as: Fig 1: Berlos model of communication, (Source: Heath and Bryant 2013) Through this model it could be specified that the listening as the third component under channel component through which the message from the source gets transferred to the receiver. Lasswells Model of Communication: In the year, the famous theorist of communication, Mr. Harold D. Lasswell developed the Lasswell model of communication. The lasswell model of communication is also known as the linear model or the action model. This one way model of communication is one of the most influential model of communication and was developed by Lasswell to analyze the mass communication (Sapienza et al. 2015). This modal can be represented as: Fig 1: Lasswells model of communication, (Source: Heath and Bryant 2013) In the above model of Lasswells communication model the different components of the communication could be identified. The components of this model are the: WHO: This refers to the person who is the sender of the message. SAYS WHAT: This refers to the message that has been sent by the sender. CHANNEL: This refers to the medium through which the sender sends the message to the receiver. TO WHOM: This refers to the person to whom the sender has sent the message to. WITH WHAT EFFECT: This refers to the effectiveness of the message that the message of the sender has sent to the receiver. The reaction of the receiver to the message is considered as the effect of the message on the receiver. Potential Challenges While Incorporation of the Communication: At times the brain remains busy with the processing of other instances as a result for which the speech is not registered or the already present activities become too loud that completely overpowers the new speech conveyed. A cultural gap may play a pivotal role because cultural differences might have different ways of reciprocation, which not match between two individuals. As a result of this, the listening result may be altered (Fletcher 2016). Language barriers are the main challenges faced in questioning. Moreover, one should have enough courage to proceed and ask a question to superiors or others which are often not done thinking that they might make a fool of himself. Self -respect and ego may act as barriers often in questioning a doubt during a communication (Stevens and Levi 2013). Feedback in a two ways communication does not have barriers as such. However, in a one way communication, there is often no scope for feedback. Such communications may include passing of ideas, information and instructions from higher authority, which does not allow the system of feedback. The lack of this provision always creates dissatisfaction and communication thus disrupting a proper feedback provision acting as a barrier (Scott 2016). Recommendation: The employees and managers of the business should be patient while listening to the complaints or any queries from the clients and the customers. Similarly, the company should carefully focus on implementing the changes as necessary. A system of receiving complaints and suggestions should be initiated so that the customers have a scope of showing their complaints and concerns. This would make the customers feel important and accepted. A clients remark is necessary for developing the products quality of the product. Product research should be conducted so that manufacturers can understand the prospective of the customers on a particular product. The employees should ask questions to customers about their products. Conclusion: Innumerable kinds of challenges often cause disruption of a proper communication in work fields. In business organizations, communication is the only process that is needed for effective results. The main mode of functioning however gets challenged due to various barriers such as noise, language and many others mentioned above which effects the tools such as feedback, questioning and listening. Different models of researchers further strengthen the discussion. All of these are done to state that with the help of the communication skills a smooth communication would exists between the stakeholders for further success in future. References: Archer, E. and Howie, S., 2013. Optimising a feedback system for monitoring learner performance in primary schools. Asemota, H.E., 2015. Nature, Importace and Practice pf Listening Skill.British Journal of Education,3(7), pp.27-33. Brandler, S. and Roman, C.P., 2015. Group work: Skills and strategies for effective interventions. Routledge. Fletcher, J.G., 2016.Exploring the Listening Phenomenon: The Effects of Receiver Apprehension and Communication Competence on Listening Style(Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado Colorado Springs. Kraemer Family Library). Godbold, N. and McCaffery, K., 2015. Improving care by listening: care communication and shared decision-making.Communicating Quality and Safety in Health Care, p.164. Heath, R.L. and Bryant, J., 2013.Human communication theory and research: Concepts, contexts, and challenges. Routledge. McQuail, D. and Windahl, S., 2015. Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. San Martn, C., Montero, I., Navarro, M.I. and Biglia, B., 2014. The development of referential communication: Improving message accuracy by coordinating private speech with peer questioning.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,29(1), pp.76-84. Sapienza, Z.S., Iyer, N. and Veenstra, A.S., 2015. Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions. Mass Communication and Society, 18(5), pp.599-622. Scott, L., 2016. Effective Communication Requires Caring, Explaining, Listening, and Living the Role. Stevens, D.D. and Levi, A.J., 2013.Introduction to rubrics: An assessment tool to save grading time, convey effective feedback, and promote student learning. Stylus Publishing, LLC Turnitsa, C., 2013. Communication model elements for societal behavior representation using agent based models. In Proceedings, 2013 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop.